Glutamate

Amino acidsα-KetoglutarateGlutamate+4

Amino Acid Catabolism

Degradation of amino acids to metabolic intermediates and ammonia.

GlutamateGABAAcetylcholine+6

Synaptic Transmission

Chemical neurotransmission across synaptic clefts between neurons.

GlutamateAMPA receptorsNMDA receptors+6

Glutamate Signaling

Excitatory neurotransmission via ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors.

GABAGlutamateGABA_A receptor+6

GABAergic Signaling

Primary inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system.

Cross-Referenced

— connected via related pathways

Acetyl-CoACitrateIsocitrate+6

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

Oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO₂, generating GTP, NADH, and FADH₂.

PyruvateOxaloacetatePhosphoenolpyruvate+4

Gluconeogenesis

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

NH₃ (ammonia)CO₂Carbamoyl phosphate+6

Urea Cycle

Converts toxic ammonia to urea for excretion.

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Signal Transduction

Calcium Signaling

Ca²⁺ as a universal second messenger controlling diverse cellular processes.

Ca²⁺CalmodulinIP3+4

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Membrane Transport

Ion Channel Signaling

Selective ion flux through membrane channels driving electrical and chemical signals.

Na⁺K⁺Ca²⁺+5

Dopamine Signaling

Dopaminergic neurotransmission regulating reward, motivation, and motor control.

TyrosineL-DOPADopamine+6