PLCβ

GPCRsGαs/Gαi/Gαq/Gα12Gβγ+6

G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Signaling

Seven-transmembrane receptors activating heterotrimeric G proteins.

VEGF-A/B/C/DVEGFR-1/2/3Neuropilin+3

VEGF Signaling (Angiogenesis)

Vascular endothelial growth factor driving new blood vessel formation.

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Developmental

FGF Signaling

Fibroblast growth factor signaling controlling proliferation, differentiation, and organogenesis.

FGF1-22FGFR1-4FRS2+3

Tryptophan5-HTPSerotonin (5-HT)+5

Serotonin (5-HT) Signaling

Serotonergic neurotransmission modulating mood, sleep, appetite, and cognition.

Neurotrophin Signaling

Growth factor signaling promoting neuronal survival, differentiation, and plasticity.

NGFBDNFNT-3+5

Cross-Referenced

— connected via related pathways

Growth factors (EGF, PDGF)RAS-GTPRAF+3

MAPK/ERK Pathway

RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK cascade transducing growth factor signals to the nucleus.

PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway

Regulates cell survival, growth, and metabolism via phosphoinositide signaling.

PIP2PIP3AKT/PKB+6

Notch 1-4 receptorsDelta-like ligands (DLL1, DLL3, DLL4)Jagged ligands (JAG1, JAG2)+3

Notch Signaling Pathway

Juxtacrine signaling controlling cell fate decisions via proteolytic receptor activation.

Calcium Signaling

Ca²⁺ as a universal second messenger controlling diverse cellular processes.

Ca²⁺CalmodulinIP3+4

cAMPATPPKA regulatory subunits+3

cAMP/PKA Signaling

Cyclic AMP as a second messenger activating protein kinase A.

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Cell Death

Intrinsic Apoptosis (Mitochondrial)

Cell death triggered by internal stress via mitochondrial cytochrome c release.

BAXBAKBCL-2+7

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Developmental

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

Morphogen gradient pathway controlling tissue patterning and stem cell maintenance.

SHHIHHDHH+4

GlutamateGABAAcetylcholine+6

Synaptic Transmission

Chemical neurotransmission across synaptic clefts between neurons.