PKA

GPCRsGαs/Gαi/Gαq/Gα12Gβγ+6

G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Signaling

Seven-transmembrane receptors activating heterotrimeric G proteins.

cAMPATPPKA regulatory subunits+3

cAMP/PKA Signaling

Cyclic AMP as a second messenger activating protein kinase A.

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Developmental

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

Morphogen gradient pathway controlling tissue patterning and stem cell maintenance.

SHHIHHDHH+4

Dopamine Signaling

Dopaminergic neurotransmission regulating reward, motivation, and motor control.

TyrosineL-DOPADopamine+6

NMDA receptorAMPA receptorCa²⁺+6

Long-Term Potentiation / Depression (LTP/LTD)

Activity-dependent strengthening or weakening of synaptic connections.

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Muscle & Cytoskeleton

Cardiac Conduction System

Electrical conduction system coordinating rhythmic heart contraction.

HCN channels (If)L-type Ca²⁺ channels (Cav1.2)Nav1.5 (SCN5A)+4

Cross-Referenced

— connected via related pathways

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Metabolic

Glycogen Metabolism

Synthesis and degradation of glycogen for glucose storage and release.

GlycogenUDP-glucoseGlucose-1-phosphate+5

Growth factors (EGF, PDGF)RAS-GTPRAF+3

MAPK/ERK Pathway

RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK cascade transducing growth factor signals to the nucleus.

PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway

Regulates cell survival, growth, and metabolism via phosphoinositide signaling.

PIP2PIP3AKT/PKB+6

Wnt ligandsFrizzled receptorLRP5/6+5

Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway

Controls cell fate, proliferation, and polarity through β-catenin stabilization.

Notch 1-4 receptorsDelta-like ligands (DLL1, DLL3, DLL4)Jagged ligands (JAG1, JAG2)+3

Notch Signaling Pathway

Juxtacrine signaling controlling cell fate decisions via proteolytic receptor activation.

Calcium Signaling

Ca²⁺ as a universal second messenger controlling diverse cellular processes.

Ca²⁺CalmodulinIP3+4

GlutamateGABAAcetylcholine+6

Synaptic Transmission

Chemical neurotransmission across synaptic clefts between neurons.