GSK-3β

Wnt ligandsFrizzled receptorLRP5/6+5

Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway

Controls cell fate, proliferation, and polarity through β-catenin stabilization.

InsulinInsulin receptorIRS-1/2+6

Insulin Signaling Pathway

Insulin receptor activation driving glucose uptake and anabolic metabolism.

InsulinInsulin receptorIRS-1/2+6

Insulin Signaling Pathway

Insulin receptor activation driving glucose uptake and anabolic metabolism.

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

Morphogen gradient pathway controlling tissue patterning and stem cell maintenance.

SHHIHHDHH+4

Stem Cell Pluripotency Network

Transcription factor network maintaining embryonic stem cell self-renewal.

Oct4 (POU5F1)Sox2Nanog+6

Hes7/Her1 (oscillators)LFNG (Notch modifier)Axin2 (Wnt target)+4

Somitogenesis (Segmentation Clock)

Oscillating gene expression driving periodic formation of somites.

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Neuronal

Circadian Clock Pathway

Transcription-translation feedback loops generating ~24-hour biological rhythms.

CLOCKBMAL1PER1/2/3+5

Cross-Referenced

— connected via related pathways

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Metabolic

Glycogen Metabolism

Synthesis and degradation of glycogen for glucose storage and release.

GlycogenUDP-glucoseGlucose-1-phosphate+5

Growth factors (EGF, PDGF)RAS-GTPRAF+3

MAPK/ERK Pathway

RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK cascade transducing growth factor signals to the nucleus.

PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway

Regulates cell survival, growth, and metabolism via phosphoinositide signaling.

PIP2PIP3AKT/PKB+6

Notch 1-4 receptorsDelta-like ligands (DLL1, DLL3, DLL4)Jagged ligands (JAG1, JAG2)+3

Notch Signaling Pathway

Juxtacrine signaling controlling cell fate decisions via proteolytic receptor activation.

Cytokines (IL-6, IFN, EPO)JAK1/2/3, TYK2STAT1-6+2

JAK-STAT Pathway

Cytokine-driven signaling from receptor to gene expression via STAT dimerization.

AMPK Pathway

Cellular energy sensor activating catabolic and inhibiting anabolic pathways.

AMPADPATP+5

cAMPATPPKA regulatory subunits+3

cAMP/PKA Signaling

Cyclic AMP as a second messenger activating protein kinase A.

TGF-β1/2/3BMP2/4/7Activin+5

TGF-β/BMP Signaling

Multifunctional cytokine signaling controlling growth, differentiation, and immune regulation.

RetinolRetinaldehydeATRA+4

Retinoic Acid Signaling

Vitamin A-derived morphogen controlling anterior-posterior patterning.