Signal Transduction Pathways
Cell communication and response cascades
MAPK/ERK Pathway
RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK cascade transducing growth factor signals to the nucleus.
PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway
Regulates cell survival, growth, and metabolism via phosphoinositide signaling.
Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway
Controls cell fate, proliferation, and polarity through β-catenin stabilization.
Notch Signaling Pathway
Juxtacrine signaling controlling cell fate decisions via proteolytic receptor activation.
JAK-STAT Pathway
Cytokine-driven signaling from receptor to gene expression via STAT dimerization.
NF-κB Pathway
Master regulator of inflammation, immunity, and cell survival.
Insulin Signaling Pathway
Insulin receptor activation driving glucose uptake and anabolic metabolism.
G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Signaling
Seven-transmembrane receptors activating heterotrimeric G proteins.
Calcium Signaling
Ca²⁺ as a universal second messenger controlling diverse cellular processes.
AMPK Pathway
Cellular energy sensor activating catabolic and inhibiting anabolic pathways.
cAMP/PKA Signaling
Cyclic AMP as a second messenger activating protein kinase A.
Hippo Signaling Pathway
Organ size control pathway regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis.
VEGF Signaling (Angiogenesis)
Vascular endothelial growth factor driving new blood vessel formation.