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Developmental
Metazoans
TGF-β/BMP Signaling
Multifunctional cytokine signaling controlling growth, differentiation, and immune regulation.
Overview
TGF-β superfamily ligands bind type II receptors, which phosphorylate type I receptors. Activated receptors phosphorylate receptor-SMADs, which complex with SMAD4 and translocate to the nucleus. Context-dependent tumor suppressor or promoter.
Cellular Location
Membrane → cytoplasm → nucleus
Clinical Significance
Critical for embryogenesis and immune regulation; dual role in cancer; mutations cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.