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Metabolic
Aerobic organisms
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron transport chain coupled to ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis.
Overview
Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway by which cells use enzymes in the inner mitochondrial membrane to oxidize nutrients, releasing energy used to produce ATP. The electron transport chain (ETC) consists of four major complexes (I–IV) and ATP synthase (Complex V). Electrons from NADH and FADH₂ are passed through the chain, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis. This process produces approximately 30–32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
Cellular Location
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Clinical Significance
Generates the majority of cellular ATP; dysfunction linked to mitochondrial diseases, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders.